Section: Forest & Wood Sciences
Topic: Applied biological sciences, Environmental sciences, Plant biology

Comparative responses of legume vs. non-legume tropical trees to biochar additions

Thomas, Sean C.1 orcid ; Halim, M. A.1 orcid; Ali, Syed Tuhin2 orcid
1Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John H Daniels Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3 Canada
2Forest and Agroforest Systems, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany

Corresponding author(s): Thomas, Sean C. (sc.thomas@utoronto.ca)

10.24072/pcjournal.668 - Peer Community Journal, Volume 6 (2026), article no. e5

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Nitrogen-fixing plants in the legume family (Fabaceae) may show particularly large positive responses to biochar additions due to their capacity to potentially compensate for reduced N in biochar-amended soils. Prior studies also suggest that biochar may have specific developmental effects on legumes, including increased root nodulation and altered morphology. We examined the growth and morphometric responses of legume and non-legume tropical trees to biochar additions in a common garden pot trial experiment. Four legume species (Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, Delonix regia, and Pterocarpus santalinus) and four non-legumes (Eucalyptus alba, Melia azedarach, Swietenia macrophylla, and Syzygium cumini) were compared in terms of sapling responses to additions of a wood-feedstock biochar applied at 10 and 20 t/ha. Overall, strong positive effects of biochar additions on sapling performance were observed, with an average increase of 30% in total biomass and a notable increase in height relative to diameter growth. Species showed pronounced differences in responses, with strong interactive effects of species and biochar treatments on growth metrics. Legume species showed an average increase somewhat greater than non-legumes; however, responses were variable among species, with the two Acacia species showing the largest responses, resulting in a non-significant pattern. A literature-based meta-analysis of tropical and subtropical trees likewise suggests greater biochar responses in legumes, but the analysis also falls short of statistical significance. In addition, experimental results indicate large interactive effects of species and biochar on soil pH and other soil properties. Large growth responses of certain taxa of legumes (and other taxa) to biochar, and pronounced species-specific effects on soil properties, may reflect evolved responses to fire disturbance that can be leveraged in the context of forest restoration and enhanced carbon sequestration in degraded tropical landscapes.

Published online:
DOI: 10.24072/pcjournal.668
Type: Research article
Keywords: Acacia, allocation, allometry, biochar, charcoal, Fabaceae, morphometrics, root nodulation

Thomas, Sean C.  1 ; Halim, M. A.  1 ; Ali, Syed Tuhin  2

1 Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John H Daniels Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3 Canada
2 Forest and Agroforest Systems, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
License: CC-BY 4.0
Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights
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Thomas, S. C.; Halim, M. A.; Ali, S. T. Comparative responses of legume vs. non-legume tropical trees to biochar additions. Peer Community Journal, Volume 6 (2026), article  no. e5. https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.668

PCI peer reviews and recommendation, and links to data, scripts, code and supplementary information: 10.24072/pci.forestwoodsci.100186

Conflict of interest of the recommender and peer reviewers:
The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the article and the reviewers declared that they have no conflict of interest (as defined in the code of conduct of PCI) with the authors or with the content of the article.

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