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Section: Genomics
Topic: Genetics/Genomics, Evolution

Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation

Emerling, Christopher A1, 2, 3  ; Gibb, Gillian C4 ; Tilak, Marie-Ka1 ; Hughes, Jonathan J5 ; Kuch, Melanie5; Duggan, Ana T5 ; Poinar, Hendrik N5 ; Nachman, Michael W2 ; Delsuc, Frédéric1  
1 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD – Montpellier, France
2 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California – Berkeley, CA, USA
3 Biology Department, Reedley College – Reedley, CA, USA
4 School of Natural Sciences, Massey University – Palmerston North, New Zealand
5 McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University – Hamilton, ON, Canada

10.24072/pcjournal.303 - Peer Community Journal, Volume 3 (2023), article no. e75.

Get full text PDF Peer reviewed and recommended by PCI

The recent influx of genomic data has provided greater insights into the molecular basis for regressive evolution, or vestigialization, through gene loss and pseudogenization. As such, the analysis of gene degradation patterns has the potential to provide insights into the evolutionary history of regressed anatomical traits. We specifically applied these principles to the xenarthran radiation (anteaters, sloths, armadillos), which is characterized by taxa with a gradation in regressed dental phenotypes. Whether the pattern among extant xenarthrans is due to an ancient and gradual decay of dental morphology or occurred repeatedly in parallel is unknown. We tested these competing hypotheses by examining 11 core dental genes in most living species of Xenarthra, characterizing shared inactivating mutations and patterns of relaxed selection during their radiation. Here we report evidence of independent and distinct events of dental gene loss in the major xenarthran subclades. First, we found strong evidence of complete enamel loss in the common ancestor of sloths and anteaters, suggested by the inactivation of five enamel-associated genes (AMELX, AMTN, MMP20, ENAM, ACP4). Next, whereas dental regression appears to have halted in sloths, presumably a critical event that ultimately permitted adaptation to an herbivorous lifestyle, anteaters continued losing genes on the path towards complete tooth loss. Echoes of this event are recorded in the genomes of all living anteaters, being marked by a 2-bp deletion in a gene critical for dentinogenesis (DSPP) and a putative shared 1-bp insertion in a gene linked to tooth retention (ODAPH). By contrast, in the two major armadillo clades, genes pertaining to the dento-gingival junction and amelogenesis appear to have been independently inactivated prior to losing all or some enamel. These genomic data provide evidence for multiple pathways and rates of anatomical regression, and underscore the utility of using pseudogenes to reconstruct evolutionary history when fossils are sparse.

Published online:
DOI: 10.24072/pcjournal.303
Type: Research article
Keywords: Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths, Dental regression, Gene loss, Molecular evolution, Phylogenetics
Emerling, Christopher A 1, 2, 3; Gibb, Gillian C 4; Tilak, Marie-Ka 1; Hughes, Jonathan J 5; Kuch, Melanie 5; Duggan, Ana T 5; Poinar, Hendrik N 5; Nachman, Michael W 2; Delsuc, Frédéric 1

1 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD – Montpellier, France
2 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California – Berkeley, CA, USA
3 Biology Department, Reedley College – Reedley, CA, USA
4 School of Natural Sciences, Massey University – Palmerston North, New Zealand
5 McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University – Hamilton, ON, Canada
License: CC-BY 4.0
Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights 
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     title = {Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation},
     journal = {Peer Community Journal},
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Emerling, Christopher A; Gibb, Gillian C; Tilak, Marie-Ka; Hughes, Jonathan J; Kuch, Melanie; Duggan, Ana T; Poinar, Hendrik N; Nachman, Michael W; Delsuc, Frédéric. Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation. Peer Community Journal, Volume 3 (2023), article  no. e75. doi : 10.24072/pcjournal.303. https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.303/

Peer reviewed and recommended by PCI : 10.24072/pci.genomics.100240

Conflict of interest of the recommender and peer reviewers:
The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the article and the reviewers declared that they have no conflict of interest (as defined in the code of conduct of PCI) with the authors or with the content of the article.

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