Section: Infections
Topic: Biology of interactions, Health sciences, Environmental sciences

Zoonotic emergence at the animal-environment-human interface: the forgotten urban socio-ecosystems

Dobigny, Gauthier1, 2  ; Morand, Serge3, 4 
1 IRD, UMR CBGP – Montpellier, France
2 Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité Peste – Antananarivo, Madagascar
3 CNRS, UMR MiVEGEC – Montpellier, France
4 Kasetsart University, Faculty of Veterinary Technology – Bangkok, Thailand

Corresponding author(s): Dobigny, Gauthier (gauthier.dobigny@ird.fr)

10.24072/pcjournal.206 - Peer Community Journal, Volume 2 (2022), article no. e79.

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Zoonotic emergence requires spillover from animals to humans, hence animal-human interactions. A lot has been emphasized on human intrusion into wild habitats (e.g., deforestation, hunting) and the development of agricultural and farming activities. However, the highly human-modified urban and peri-urban socio-ecosystems are also of great concern due to huge amounts of pet, domesticated and wild animals (e.g., birds, rodents and bats) that live in very close contact to very dense human populations. This adds to the existence of wet wildlife markets, urban parks and wastelands, zoos and even labs, where spillover from wildlife to humans may also occur. Furthermore, cities are transport hubs that form hotspots of import/export of living resources including animals, thus potentially promoting rapid and wide-scale spread of reservoir and vectors, hence pathogens, as well as pathogen admixture through viral recombination or bacterial plasmid exchanges. Finally, cities are deeply modified environments where living organisms, including reservoirs, vectors and pathogens, undergo strong selective pressures, thus opening the gate to evolutionary novelties, hence potential new infectious threats. As such, we believe urban socio-ecosystems should be paid more attention in terms of drivers of zoonotic emergence in humans needing adapted surveillance and mitigation. Accordingly, we propose and discuss several avenues of research and examples of actions that could be tested or generalized (e.g., focus on hotspots of emergence risks like informal settlements, wet markets or transport hubs; development of participative surveillance programs; shift towards inter-sectoral academic courses; massive investment into education and community information) in order to operationalize effective zoonotic surveillance. We advocate that this would allow ones to add emergence-preventive and early warning to usual outbreaks response strategies, thus significantly improving our collective ability to prevent zoonotic emergence and subsequent pandemics.

Published online:
DOI: 10.24072/pcjournal.206
Type: Opinion / perspective

Dobigny, Gauthier 1, 2; Morand, Serge 3, 4

1 IRD, UMR CBGP – Montpellier, France
2 Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité Peste – Antananarivo, Madagascar
3 CNRS, UMR MiVEGEC – Montpellier, France
4 Kasetsart University, Faculty of Veterinary Technology – Bangkok, Thailand
License: CC-BY 4.0
Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights 
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Dobigny, Gauthier; Morand, Serge. Zoonotic emergence at the animal-environment-human interface: the forgotten urban socio-ecosystems. Peer Community Journal, Volume 2 (2022), article  no. e79. doi : 10.24072/pcjournal.206. https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.206/

PCI peer reviews and recommendation, and links to data, scripts, code and supplementary information: 10.24072/pci.infections.100005

Conflict of interest of the recommender and peer reviewers:
The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the article and the reviewers declared that they have no conflict of interest (as defined in the code of conduct of PCI) with the authors or with the content of the article.

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