Browse by volume Browse by section Browse by topic Browse by conference

Section: Ecology

Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France

Josset, Quentin1, 2  ; Beaulaton, Laurent3, 2 ; Romakkaniemi, Atso4 ; Nevoux, Marie5, 2 
1 Service conservation et gestion durable des espèces exploitées, Direction de la recherche et de l’appui scientifique, OFB, U3E, Eu, France
2 Management of Diadromous Fish in their Environment, OFB, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Rennes, France
3 Service conservation et gestion durable des espèces exploitées, Direction de la recherche et de l’appui scientifique, OFB, U3E, Rennes, France.
4 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland
5 DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, Rennes, France

10.24072/pcjournal.411 - Peer Community Journal, Volume 4 (2024), article no. e44.

Get full text PDF Peer reviewed and recommended by PCI

The resilience of sea trout populations is increasingly concerning, with evidence of major demographic changes in some populations. Based on trapping data and related scale collection, we analysed long-term changes in body length of a sea trout population in the Bresle River, France. From 1984-2022, the length of first-time returning individuals decreased by 1.73 mm.year-1 (SD = 0.08), which resulted in the loss of c. 12.3% of mean body length. This decrease results from a decrease in the age at first return, with a gradual loss of the oldest individuals and an increase in the proportion of the youngest. Timing of the return migration advanced drastically, although shorter sea sojourn had little influence on body length. We found little evidence of a decrease in length-at-age, to the exception of the oldest age class, suggesting that growth conditions at sea might not have deteriorated greatly during the study period.

Published online:
DOI: 10.24072/pcjournal.411
Type: Research article
Keywords: age structure, body length, life history, marine growth, migration, sea trout
Josset, Quentin 1, 2; Beaulaton, Laurent 3, 2; Romakkaniemi, Atso 4; Nevoux, Marie 5, 2

1 Service conservation et gestion durable des espèces exploitées, Direction de la recherche et de l’appui scientifique, OFB, U3E, Eu, France
2 Management of Diadromous Fish in their Environment, OFB, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Rennes, France
3 Service conservation et gestion durable des espèces exploitées, Direction de la recherche et de l’appui scientifique, OFB, U3E, Rennes, France.
4 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland
5 DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, Rennes, France
License: CC-BY 4.0
Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights 
@article{10_24072_pcjournal_411,
     author = {Josset, Quentin and Beaulaton, Laurent and Romakkaniemi, Atso and Nevoux, Marie},
     title = {Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout {(\protect\emph{Salmo} trutta}) population in northern {France}},
     journal = {Peer Community Journal},
     eid = {e44},
     publisher = {Peer Community In},
     volume = {4},
     year = {2024},
     doi = {10.24072/pcjournal.411},
     language = {en},
     url = {https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.411/}
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Josset, Quentin
AU  - Beaulaton, Laurent
AU  - Romakkaniemi, Atso
AU  - Nevoux, Marie
TI  - Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France
JO  - Peer Community Journal
PY  - 2024
VL  - 4
PB  - Peer Community In
UR  - https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.411/
DO  - 10.24072/pcjournal.411
LA  - en
ID  - 10_24072_pcjournal_411
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A Josset, Quentin
%A Beaulaton, Laurent
%A Romakkaniemi, Atso
%A Nevoux, Marie
%T Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France
%J Peer Community Journal
%D 2024
%V 4
%I Peer Community In
%U https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.411/
%R 10.24072/pcjournal.411
%G en
%F 10_24072_pcjournal_411
Josset, Quentin; Beaulaton, Laurent; Romakkaniemi, Atso; Nevoux, Marie. Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France. Peer Community Journal, Volume 4 (2024), article  no. e44. doi : 10.24072/pcjournal.411. https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.411/

Peer reviewed and recommended by PCI : 10.24072/pci.ecology.100599

Conflict of interest of the recommender and peer reviewers:
The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the article and the reviewers declared that they have no conflict of interest (as defined in the code of conduct of PCI) with the authors or with the content of the article.

[1] Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Volume 19 (1974) no. 6, pp. 716-723 | DOI

[2] Archer, L. C.; Hutton, S. A.; Harman, L.; O'Grady, M. N.; Kerry, J. P.; Poole, W. R.; Gargan, P.; McGinnity, P.; Reed, T. E. The interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors in determining migration decisions in brown trout (Salmo trutta): An experimental study, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Volume 7 (2019) | DOI

[3] Baglinière, J.-L.; Hamelet, V.; Guéraud, F.; Aymes, J.-C.; Goulon, C.; Richard, A.; Josset, Q.; Marchand, F. Guide to the interpretation of the scales and the estimation of the age of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the French populations, French Biodiversity Agency - OFB Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (Inrae), 2020

[4] Bal, G.; Montorio, L.; Rivot, E.; Prévost, E.; Baglinière, J.-L.; Nevoux, M. Evidence for long-term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 90 (2017) no. 6, pp. 2375-2393 | DOI

[5] Barneche, D. R.; Robertson, D. R.; White, C. R.; Marshall, D. J. Fish reproductive-energy output increases disproportionately with body size, Science, Volume 360 (2018) no. 6389, pp. 642-645 | DOI

[6] Bartolino, V.; Margonski, P.; Lindegren, M.; Linderholm, H. W.; Cardinale, M.; Rayner, D.; Wennhage, H.; Casini, M. Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study, Fisheries Oceanography, Volume 23 (2014) no. 3, pp. 258-269 | DOI

[7] Behrenfeld, M. J.; O'Malley, R. T.; Siegel, D. A.; McClain, C. R.; Sarmiento, J. L.; Feldman, G. C.; Milligan, A. J.; Falkowski, P. G.; Letelier, R. M.; Boss, E. S. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, Volume 444 (2006) no. 7120, pp. 752-755 | DOI

[8] Birkeland, K. Consequences of premature return by sea trout (Salmo trutta) infested with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kroyer): migration, growth, and mortality, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 53 (1996) no. 12, pp. 2808-2813 | DOI

[9] Birkeland, K.; Jakobsen, P. J. Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation as a causal agent of premature return to rivers and estuaries by sea trout, Salmo trutta, juveniles, Environmental Biology of Fishes, Volume 49 (1997) no. 1, pp. 129-137 | DOI

[10] Bjørn, P. A.; Finstad, B.; Kristoffersen, R. Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and freshwaters: The effects of salmon farms, Aquaculture Research, Volume 32 (2001) no. 12, pp. 947-962 | DOI

[11] Blackwell, B. G.; Brown, M. L.; Willis, D. W. Relative Weight (Wr) Status and Current Use in Fisheries Assessment and Management, Reviews in Fisheries Science, Volume 8 (2000) no. 1, pp. 1-44 | DOI

[12] Blann, K.; Frost Nerbonne, J.; Vondracek, B. Relationship of Riparian Buffer Type to Water Temperature in the Driftless Area Ecoregion of Minnesota, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Volume 22 (2002) no. 2, pp. 441-451 | DOI

[13] Boëns, A.; Grellier, P.; Lebigre, C.; Petitgas, P. Determinants of growth and selective mortality in anchovy and sardine in the Bay of Biscay, Fisheries Research, Volume 239 (2021) | DOI

[14] Brown, C. J.; Fulton, E. A.; Hobday, A. J.; Matear, R. J.; Possingham, H. P.; Bulman, C.; Christensen, V.; Forrest, R. E.; Gehrke, P. C.; Gribble, N. A.; Griffiths, S. P.; Lozano-Montes, H.; Martin, J. M.; Metcalf, S.; Okey, T. A.; Watson, R.; Richardson, A. J. Effects of climate-driven primary production change on marine food webs: Implications for fisheries and conservation, Global Change Biology, Volume 16 (2010) no. 4, pp. 1194-1212 | DOI

[15] Burnham, K. P.; Anderson, D. R. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, Springer, New York, 2002

[16] Butler, J. R. A.; Walker, A. F. Characteristics of the Sea Trout Salmo trutta (L.) Stock Collapse in the River Ewe (Wester Ross, Scotland), in 1988–2001, Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management, Blackwell Science Ltd, 2006, pp. 45-59 | DOI

[17] Canty, A.; Ripley, B. boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R package version 1.3-28, 2021

[18] Celtic Sea Trout Project Celtic Sea Trout Project - Technical Report to Ireland Wales Territorial Co-operation Programme 2007-2013 (INTERREG 4A, Inland Fisheries Ireland, Dublin, 2016

[19] Crozier, L. G.; Hutchings, J. a. Plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change in fish, Evolutionary Applications, Volume 7 (2014) no. 1, pp. 68-87 | DOI

[20] Davaine, P.; Beall, E.; Guerri, O.; Caraguel, J. M. Introduction de salmonidés en milieu vierge (îles kerguelen, subantarctique): Enjeux, résultats, perspectives, Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture (1997) no. 344-345, pp. 93-110 | DOI

[21] Davidson, I. C.; Cove, R. J.; Hazlewood, M. S. Annual Variation in Age Composition, Growth and Abundance of Sea Trout Returning to the River Dee at Chester, 1991–2003, Sea trout: Biology, Conservation and Management. Proceedings of the First International Sea Trout Symposium, Cardiff, July 2004, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006, pp. 76-87

[22] Davison, A.; Hinkley, D. Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997

[23] De Eyto, E.; Kelly, S.; Rogan, G.; French, A.; Cooney, J.; Murphy, M.; Nixon, P.; Hughes, P.; Sweeney, D.; McGinnity, P.; Dillane, M.; Poole, R. Decadal Trends in the Migration Phenology of Diadromous Fishes Native to the Burrishoole Catchment, Ireland, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Volume 10 (2022) | DOI

[24] Dȩbowski, P. The largest Baltic population of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.): Its decline, restoration attempts, and current status, Archives of Polish Fisheries, Volume 26 (2018) no. 2, pp. 81-100 | DOI

[25] Dodson, J. J.; Aubin-Horth, N.; Thériault, V.; Páez, D. J. The evolutionary ecology of alternative migratory tactics in salmonid fishes, Biological Reviews, Volume 88 (2013) no. 3, pp. 602-625 | DOI

[26] Dormann, C. F.; Elith, J.; Bacher, S.; Buchmann, C.; Carl, G.; Carré, G.; Marquéz, J. R.; Gruber, B.; Lafourcade, B.; Leitão, P. J.; Münkemüller, T.; Mcclean, C.; Osborne, P. E.; Reineking, B.; Schröder, B.; Skidmore, A. K.; Zurell, D.; Lautenbach, S. Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance, Ecography, Volume 36 (2013) no. 1, pp. 27-46 | DOI

[27] Eliott, J. M.; Eliott, J. A. A 35-year study of stock-recruitment relationships in a small population of sea trout: assumptions, implications and Limitations for predicting targets., Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2006, pp. 257-278

[28] Erkinaro, J.; Czorlich, Y.; Orell, P.; Kuusela, J.; Falkegård, M.; Länsman, M.; Pulkkinen, H.; Primmer, C. R.; Niemelä, E. Life history variation across four decades in a diverse population complex of atlantic salmon in a large subarctic river, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 76 (2019) no. 1, pp. 42-55 | DOI

[29] Euzenat, G.; Fournel, F.; Fagard, J.-L. Population Dynamics and Stock-Recruitment Relationship of Sea Trout in the River Bresle, Upper Normandy, France, Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2007, pp. 307-323 | DOI

[30] Fagard, J.-L.; Beaulaton, L. Éléments sur l’exploitation par pêche des salmonidés migrateurs en zone côtière et en rivière depuis 1978. Littoral proche de la rivière Bresle, embouchures de cours d'eau de Seine-Maritime. Cours d'eau à salmonidés migrateurs au nord de la Seine, Agence Française pour la Biodiversité (2018), p. 137

[31] Ferguson, A.; Reed, T. E.; Cross, T. F.; McGinnity, P.; Prodöhl, P. A. Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 95 (2019) no. 3, pp. 692-718 | DOI

[32] Fiske, P.; Forseth, T.; Thorstad, E. B.; Bakkestuen, V.; Einum, S.; Falkegård, M.; Garmo, Ø. A.; Garseth, Å. H.; Skoglund, H.; Solberg, M.; Utne, K. R.; Vollset, K. W.; Vøllestad, L. A.; Wennevik, V. Novel large-scale mapping highlights poor state of sea trout populations, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (2024), pp. 1-20

[33] Forget, G.; Baglinière, J. L.; Marchand, F.; Richard, A.; Nevoux, M.; Durif, C. A new method to estimate habitat potential for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Predicting the influence of dam removal on the Sélune River (France) as a case study, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 75 (2018) no. 6, pp. 2172-2181 | DOI

[34] Forseth, T.; Barlaup, B. T.; Finstad, B.; Fiske, P.; Gjøsæter, H.; Falkegård, M.; Hindar, A.; Mo, T. A.; Rikardsen, A. H.; Thorstad, E. B.; Vøllestad, L. A.; Wennevik, V. The major threats to Atlantic salmon in Norway, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 74 (2017) no. 6, pp. 1496-1513 | DOI

[35] Gargan, P. G.; Poole, W. R.; Forde, G. P. A review of the status of irish sea trout stocks., Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and management, Blackwell Science Ltd, 2006, pp. 25-44 | DOI

[36] Gargan, P. G.; Kelly, F. L.; Shephard, S.; Whelan, K. Temporal variation in sea trout Salmo trutta life history traits in the Erriff River, western Ireland, Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Volume 8 (2016), pp. 675-689 | DOI

[37] Gohin, F.; Van der Zande, D.; Tilstone, G.; Eleveld, M. A.; Lefebvre, A.; Andrieux-Loyer, F.; Blauw, A. N.; Bryère, P.; Devreker, D.; Garnesson, P.; Hernández Fariñas, T.; Lamaury, Y.; Lampert, L.; Lavigne, H.; Menet-Nedelec, F.; Pardo, S.; Saulquin, B. Twenty years of satellite and in situ observations of surface chlorophyll-a from the northern Bay of Biscay to the eastern English Channel. Is the water quality improving?, Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 233 (2019) no. September | DOI

[38] Gross, M. R.; Coleman, R. M.; McDowall, R. M. Aquatic productivity and the evolution of diadromous fish migration, Science, Volume 239 (1988) no. 4846, pp. 1291-1293 | DOI

[39] Hard, J. J.; Gross, M. R.; Heino, M.; Hilborn, R.; Kope, R. G.; Law, R.; Reynolds, J. D. Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon, Evolutionary Applications, Volume 1 (2008) no. 2, pp. 388-408 | DOI

[40] Helle, J.; Martinson, E.; Eggers, D. Influence of salmon abundance and ocean conditions on body size of Pacific salmon, North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (2007) no. 4, pp. 289-298

[41] Hixon, M. a.; Johnson, D. W.; Sogard, S. M. BOFFFFs: on the importance of conserving old-growth age structure in fishery populations, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71 (2014) no. 8, pp. 2171-2185 | DOI

[42] Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Bruno, J. F. The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems, Science, Volume 328 (2010), pp. 1523-1528 | DOI

[43] Hughes, B. B.; Beas-Luna, R.; Barner, A. K.; Brewitt, K.; Brumbaugh, D. R.; Cerny-Chipman, E. B.; Close, S. L.; Coblentz, K. E.; De Nesnera, K. L.; Drobnitch, S. T.; Figurski, J. D.; Focht, B.; Friedman, M.; Freiwald, J.; Heady, K. K.; Heady, W. N.; Hettinger, A.; Johnson, A.; Karr, K. A.; Mahoney, B.; Moritsch, M. M.; Osterback, A. M. K.; Reimer, J.; Robinson, J.; Rohrer, T.; Rose, J. M.; Sabal, M.; Segui, L. M.; Shen, C.; Sullivan, J.; Zuercher, R.; Raimondi, P. T.; Menge, B. A.; Grorud-Colvert, K.; Novak, M.; Carr, M. H. Long-Term studies contribute disproportionately to ecology and policy, BioScience, Volume 67 (2017) no. 3, pp. 271-278 | DOI

[44] Hutchings, J. A.; Jones, M. E. B. Life history variation and growth rate thresholds for maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 55 (1998) no. Supplement 1, pp. 22-47 | DOI

[45] ICES Working Group with the Aim to Develop Assessment Models and Establish Biological Reference Points for Sea Trout (Anadromous Salmo trutta) Populations (WGTRUTTA), ICES Scientific Reports (2020) | DOI

[46] Ishida, Y.; Ito, S.; Kaeriyama, M.; McKinnell, S.; Nagasawa, K. Recent changes in age and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the North Pacific Ocean and possible causes, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 50 (1993) no. 2, pp. 290-295 | DOI

[47] Järvi, T. H. Sea trout in the Bothnian Bay., Acta Zoologica Fennica (1940) no. 29, pp. 1-29

[48] Jeffrey, K. M.; Côté, I. M.; Irvine, J. R.; Reynolds, J. D. Changes in body size of Canadian Pacific salmon over six decades, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 74 (2017) no. 2, pp. 191-201 | DOI

[49] Jonsson, B.; L'Abée‐Lund, J. H. Latitudinal clines in life‐history variables of anadromous brown trout in Europe, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 43 (1993) no. October 2017, pp. 1-16 | DOI

[50] Josset, Q.; Beaulaton, L. Code for "Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France" (V1.0)., Zenodo, 2023 | DOI

[51] Josset, Q.; Beaulaton, L.; Romakkaniemi, A.; Nevoux, M. Data for "Changes in length-at-first return of a sea trout (Salmo trutta) population in northern France", Recherche Data Gouv, 2023 | DOI

[52] Kendall, N. W.; Quinn, T. P. Length and age trends of Chinook salmon in the Nushagak River, Alaska, related to commercial and recreational fishery selection and exploitation, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 140 (2011) no. 3, pp. 611-622 | DOI

[53] Kennedy, R. J.; Crozier, W. W. Evidence of changing migratory patterns of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in the River Bush, Northern Ireland, and possible associations with climate change, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 76 (2010) no. 7, pp. 1786-1805 | DOI

[54] Knutsen, J. A.; Knutsen, H.; Gjosaeter, J.; Jonsson, B. Food of anadromous brown trout at sea, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 59 (2001) no. 3, pp. 533-543 | DOI

[55] Knutsen, J. A.; Knutsen, H.; Olsen, E. M.; Jonsson, B. Marine feeding of anadromous Salmo trutta during winter, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 64 (2004) no. 1, pp. 89-99 | DOI

[56] Kozlowski, J. Why life-histories are diverse, Polish Journal of Ecology, Volume 54 (2006) no. 4, pp. 585-605

[57] L'Abee-Lund, J. H.; Jonsson, B.; Jensen, A. J.; Saettem, L. M.; Heggberget, T. G.; Johnsen, B. O.; Naesje, T. F. Latitudinal Variation in Life-History Characteristics of Sea-Run Migrant Brown Trout Salmo trutta, The Journal of Animal Ecology, Volume 58 (1989) no. 2, p. 525 | DOI

[58] Law, R. Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 57 (2000) no. 3, pp. 659-668 | DOI

[59] Legrand, M.; Briand, C.; Buisson, L.; Besse, T.; Artur, G.; Azam, D.; Baisez, A.; Barracou, D.; Bourré, N.; Carry, L.; Caudal, A. L.; Corre, J.; Croguennec, E.; Der Mikaélian, S.; Josset, Q.; Le Gurun, L.; Schaeffer, F.; Toussaint, R.; Laffaille, P. Diadromous fish modified timing of upstream migration over the last 30 years in France, Freshwater Biology, Volume 66 (2021) no. 2, pp. 286-302 | DOI

[60] Lewis, B.; Grant, W. S.; Brenner, R. E.; Hamazaki, T. Changes in size and age of chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha returning to Alaska, PLoS ONE, Volume 10 (2015) no. 6, pp. 1-17 | DOI

[61] Maisse, G.; Mourot, B.; Breton, B.; Fostier, A.; Marcuzzi, O.; Le Bail, P. Y.; Baglinière, J. L.; Richard, A. Sexual maturity in sea trout, Salmo trutta L., running up the river Calonne (Normandy, France) at the 'finnock' stage, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 39 (1991), pp. 705-715 | DOI

[62] Marchand, F.; Aymes, J.-C.; Gueraud, F.; Guillard, J.; Goulon, C.; Hamelet, V.; Lange, F.; Prévost, E.; Baglinière, J. L.; Beaulaton, L.; Penil, C.; Azam, D. Colisa, the collection of ichtyological samples., 2019 | DOI

[63] Marshall, D. J.; White, C. R. Have We Outgrown the Existing Models of Growth?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 34 (2019) no. 2, pp. 102-111 | DOI

[64] McCullagh, P.; Nelder, J. A. Generalized Linear Models, Second Edition., Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, Taylor and Francis Group, New York, 1989 no. 37 | DOI

[65] McKinney, G. J.; Hale, M. C.; Goetz, G.; Gribskov, M.; Thrower, F. P.; Nichols, K. M. Ontogenetic changes in embryonic and brain gene expression in progeny produced from migratory and resident Oncorhynchus mykiss, Molecular Ecology, Volume 24 (2015) no. 8, pp. 1792-1809 | DOI

[66] Milner, N.; Potter, E.; Roche, W.; Tysklin, N.; Davidson, I.; King, J.; Coyne, J.; Davies, C. Variation in sea trout (Salmo trutta) abundance and life histories in the Irish Sea., Sea trout: Science and management: Proceedings of the 2nd international sea trout symposium, 2017, pp. 96-128

[67] Möllmann, C.; Diekmann, R. Marine Ecosystem Regime Shifts Induced by Climate and Overfishing, Advances in Ecological Research, Volume 47, Elsevier, 2012, pp. 303-347 | DOI

[68] Morita, K.; Fukuwaka, M. A. Why age and size at maturity have changed in Pacific salmon, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Volume 335 (2007), pp. 289-294 | DOI

[69] Neuheimer, A. B.; Taggart, C. T. Can changes in length-at-age and maturation timing in Scotian Shelf haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) be explained by fishing?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 67 (2010) no. 5, pp. 854-865 | DOI

[70] Nevoux, M.; Finstad, B.; Davidsen, J. G.; Finlay, R.; Josset, Q.; Poole, R.; Höjesjö, J.; Aarestrup, K.; Persson, L.; Tolvanen, O.; Jonsson, B. Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout ( Salmo trutta , Salmonidae), Fish and Fisheries (2019) no. June, pp. 1-32 | DOI

[71] Niiranen, S.; Yletyinen, J.; Tomczak, M. T.; Blenckner, T.; Hjerne, O.; Mackenzie, B. R.; Müller-Karulis, B.; Neumann, T.; Meier, H. E. Combined effects of global climate change and regional ecosystem drivers on an exploited marine food web, Global Change Biology, Volume 19 (2013) no. 11, pp. 3327-3342 | DOI

[72] Ohlberger, J.; Schindler, D. E.; Brown, R. J.; Harding, J. M.; Adkison, M. D.; Munro, A. R.; Horstmann, L.; Spaeder, J. The reproductive value of large females: Consequences of shifts in demographic structure for population reproductive potential in Chinook Salmon, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 77 (2020) no. 8, pp. 1292-1301 | DOI

[73] Ohlberger, J.; Schindler, D. E.; Ward, E. J.; Walsworth, T. E.; Essington, T. E. Resurgence of an apex marine predator and the decline in prey body size, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 116 (2019) no. 52, pp. 26682-26689 | DOI

[74] Ohlberger, J.; Ward, E. J.; Schindler, D. E.; Lewis, B. Demographic changes in Chinook salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Fish and Fisheries, Volume 19 (2018) no. 3, pp. 533-546 | DOI

[75] Ojuok, J. E.; Njiru, M.; Ntiba, M. J.; Mavuti, K. M. The effect of overfishing on the life-history strategies of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, Volume 10 (2007) no. 4, pp. 443-448 | DOI

[76] Oke, K. B.; Cunningham, C. J.; Westley, P. A.; Baskett, M. L.; Carlson, S. M.; Clark, J.; Hendry, A. P.; Karatayev, V. A.; Kendall, N. W.; Kibele, J.; Kindsvater, H. K.; Kobayashi, K. M.; Lewis, B.; Munch, S.; Reynolds, J. D.; Vick, G. K.; Palkovacs, E. P. Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries, Nature Communications, Volume 11 (2020) no. 1, pp. 1-13 | DOI

[77] Perez, K. O.; Munch, S. B. Extreme selection on size in the early lives of fish, Evolution, Volume 64 (2010) no. 8, pp. 2450-2457 | DOI

[78] Perrier, C.; Guyomard, R.; Bagliniere, J. L.; Nikolic, N.; Evanno, G. Changes in the genetic structure of Atlantic salmon populations over four decades reveal substantial impacts of stocking and potential resiliency, Ecology and Evolution, Volume 3 (2013) no. 7, pp. 2334-2349 | DOI

[79] Quinn, T. P.; McGinnity, P.; Reed, T. E. The paradox of “premature migration” by adult anadromous salmonid fishes: Patterns and hypotheses, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 73 (2016) no. 7, pp. 1015-1030 | DOI

[80] R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2020 (https://www.r-project.org/)

[81] Reed, T. E.; Prodöhl, P.; Bradley, C.; Gilbey, J.; McGinnity, P.; Primmer, C. R.; Bacon, P. J. Heritability estimation via molecular pedigree reconstruction in a wild fish population reveals substantial evolutionary potential for sea age at maturity, but not size within age classes, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 76 (2019) no. 5, pp. 790-805 | DOI

[82] Reznick, D. A.; Bryga, H.; Endler, J. A. Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a natural population, Nature, Volume 346 (1990), pp. 357-359 | DOI

[83] Richard, A. Observations préliminaires sur les populations de truite de mer (Salmo trutta L.) en Basse-Normandie, Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, Volume 283 (1981), pp. 114-124 | DOI

[84] Rikardsen, A. H.; Dempson, J. B.; Amundsen, P.-A.; Bjorn, P. A.; Finstad, B.; Jensen, A. J. Temporal variability in marine feeding of sympatric Arctic charr and sea trout, Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 70 (2007), pp. 837-852 | DOI

[85] Rikardsen, a. H.; Amundsen, P. a.; Knudsen, R.; Sandring, S. Seasonal marine feeding and body condition of sea trout (Salmo trutta) at its northern distribution, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 63 (2006) no. 3, pp. 466-475 | DOI

[86] Russell, I. C.; Aprahamian, M. W.; Barry, J.; Davidson, I. C.; Fiske, P.; Ibbotson, A. T.; Kennedy, R. J.; Maclean, J. C.; Moore, A.; Otero, J.; Potter, T. (. C. E.; Todd, C. D. The influence of the freshwater environment and the biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon smolts on their subsequent marine survival, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 69 (2012) no. 9, pp. 1563-1573 | DOI

[87] Satterthwaite, W. H.; Mohr, M. S.; O'Farrell, M. R.; Wells, B. K. A Bayesian hierarchical model of size-at-age in ocean-harvested stocks-quantifying effects of climate and temporal variability, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 69 (2012) no. 5, pp. 942-954 | DOI

[88] Serra-Llinares, R. M.; Bøhn, T.; Karlsen; Nilsen, R.; Freitas, C.; Albretsen, J.; Haraldstad, T.; Thorstad, E. B.; Elvik, K. M.; Bjørn, P. A. Impacts of salmon lice on mortality, marine migration distance and premature return in sea trout, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Volume 635 (2020), pp. 151-168 | DOI

[89] Spitz, J.; Dupuis, L.; Becquet, V.; Dubief, B.; Trites, A. W. Diet of the harbour seal Phoca vitulina: Implication for the flatfish nursery in the Bay of Somme (English Channel, France), Aquatic Living Resources, Volume 28 (2015) no. 1, pp. 11-19 | DOI

[90] Stewart, J. Evidence of age-class truncation in some exploited marine fish populations in New South Wales, Australia, Fisheries Research, Volume 108 (2011) no. 1, pp. 209-213 | DOI

[91] Suuronen, P.; Lehtonen, E. The role of salmonids in the diet of grey and ringed seals in the Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, Fisheries Research, Volume 125-126 (2012), pp. 283-288 | DOI

[92] Tattam, I. A.; Ruzycki, J. R.; McCormick, J. L.; Carmichael, R. W. Length and Condition of Wild Chinook Salmon Smolts Influence Age at Maturity, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 144 (2015) no. 6, pp. 1237-1248 | DOI

[93] Thomas, A. C.; Nelson, B. W.; Lance, M. M.; Deagle, B. E.; Trites, A. W. Harbour seals target juvenile salmon of conservation concern, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 74 (2017) no. 6, pp. 907-921 | DOI

[94] Thomsen, D. S.; Koed, A.; Nielsen, C.; Madsen, S. S. Overwintering of sea trout (Salmo trutta) in freshwater: Escaping salt and low temperature or an alternate life strategy?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Volume 64 (2007) no. 5, pp. 793-802 | DOI

[95] Thorstad, E. B.; Todd, C. D.; Uglem, I.; Bjørn, P. A.; Gargan, P. G.; Vollset, K. W.; Halttunen, E.; Kålås, S.; Berg, M.; Finstad, B. Marine life of the sea trout, Marine Biology, Volume 163 (2016) no. 3, pp. 1-19 | DOI

[96] Thorstad, E. B.; Todd, C. D.; Uglem, I.; Bjørn, P. A.; Gargan, P. G.; Vollset, K. W.; Halttunen, E.; Kålås, S.; Berg, M.; Finstad, B. Effects of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on wild sea trout salmo trutta - A literature review, Aquaculture Environment Interactions, Volume 7 (2015) no. 2, pp. 91-113 | DOI

[97] Tréhin, C.; Rivot, E.; Lamireau, L.; Meslier, L.; Besnard, A.-l.; Gregory, S.; Nevoux, M. Growth during the first summer at sea modulates sex-specific maturation schedule in Atlantic salmon, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2021), pp. 1-40 | DOI

[98] Waco, K. E.; Taylor, W. W. The influence of groundwater withdrawal and land use changes on brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) thermal habitat in two coldwater tributaries in Michigan, U.S.A, Hydrobiologia, Volume 650 (2010) no. 1, pp. 101-116 | DOI

[99] Walczyńska, A. Why are trout getting smaller?, Peer Community in Ecology, 2024 | DOI

[100] Walsh, M. R.; Reznick, D. N. Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a killifish in response to the introduction of guppies, Evolution, Volume 65 (2011) no. 4, pp. 1021-1036 | DOI

[101] Witten, P. E.; Hall, B. K. The salmon kype. How does it grow? What's its purpose? Does it disappear after spawning?, Atlantic Salmon Journal (2001) no. 50, pp. 36-39

Cited by Sources: